The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) as possibly carcinogenic (Group 2B). Published in IARC Monographs Volume 135, this update has far-reaching implications for manufacturers in chemicals, textiles, electronics, and firefighting industries, where PFAS substances have been widely used.
Regulatory Reclassification of PFOA and PFOS
The IARC’s decision, based on strong mechanistic evidence and studies in humans and experimental animals, confirms growing concerns over long-term exposure risks. PFOA, widely used in fluoropolymer production and stain-resistant coatings, is now in the same category as asbestos and tobacco in terms of cancer risk. PFOS, commonly used in firefighting foams and electronics manufacturing, remains under scrutiny, with regulators expected to reassess its permitted use.
Key Findings from IARC Monograph Volume 135
- PFOA exposure is linked to kidney and testicular cancer in humans, with strong supporting evidence from animal studies.
- PFOS showed limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but demonstrated key characteristics of carcinogens in experimental settings.
- Occupational exposure is highest in manufacturing and firefighting, while the general population is primarily exposed through contaminated water and food.
Impact on Manufacturing and Supply Chains
Chemical and Materials Manufacturing
Manufacturers using PFOA in fluoropolymers or PFOS in industrial coatings may face stricter regulatory scrutiny. Companies may need to accelerate substitution strategies or seek exemptions under specific industrial applications.
Electronics and Consumer Goods
Semiconductor producers, electrical equipment manufacturers, and textile industries relying on PFOS-based coatings should anticipate supply chain disruptions as downstream users seek alternative materials.
Firefighting and Defence Sectors
PFOS remains prevalent in aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) used for fire suppression, particularly in military and airport settings. The IARC findings could accelerate the phase-out of PFAS-based foams, pushing the industry towards fluorine-free alternatives.
Business Considerations and Next Steps
Companies must evaluate their exposure to PFOA and PFOS regulations and consider:
- Reviewing supply chain dependencies on PFAS materials.
- Exploring safer alternatives to avoid future compliance risks.
- Preparing for regulatory impact assessments in affected regions.
- Engaging with policymakers and industry groups on exemption applications.
